Cholinergics (Alpha-GPC, Citicoline) — References

Mirrored Reference Dossier

Parent Topic: Cholinergics (Alpha-GPC, Citicoline) | References Hub: 02 - Compounds & Molecules References MOC

Landmark Peer-Reviewed Studies

Citation: De Jesus Moreno Moreno, M. (2003). Cognitive improvement in mild to moderate Alzheimer’s dementia after treatment with the acetylcholine precursor choline alfoscerate: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Clinical Therapeutics, 25(1), 178–193.
Identifiers: PMID: 12637119 (PubMed · Europe PMC) | DOI: 10.1016/s0149-2918(03)90023-3 (DOI · SciDB · Scholar)
Study Design & Sample Size: 180-day multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients aged 60–80 years with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s dementia ( $N = 261$ ).
Key Quantitative Outcomes: Oral administration of Alpha-GPC ( $400 mg$ three times daily; $1, 200 mg/day$ ) significantly improved ADAS-Cog scores by $- 2.42 points$ at day 90 and $- 3.20 points$ at day 180 (where lower scores indicate cognitive improvement), whereas the placebo group deteriorated by $+ 2.90 points$ ( $p < 0.001$ between groups). MMSE, GDS, and ADAS-Total scores all improved significantly ( $p < 0.001$ ) with no cholinergic side effects.

Citation: Silveri, M. M., Dikan, J., Ross, A. J., Jensen, J. E., Kamiya, T., Kawada, Y., Renshaw, P. F., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2008). Citicoline enhances frontal lobe bioenergetics as measured by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy. NMR in Biomedicine, 21(10), 1066–1075.
Identifiers: PMID: 18816480 (PubMed · Europe PMC) | DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1281 (DOI · SciDB · Scholar)
Study Design & Sample Size: 6-week open-label neuroimaging trial utilizing 4-Tesla $^{31} P$ Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ( $^{31} P-MRS$ ) in healthy middle-aged adults ( $N = 16$ ).
Key Quantitative Outcomes: Supplementation with $500 mg/day$ Citicoline (Cognizin) significantly increased anterior cingulate cortex (frontal lobe) $β$ -NTP (mainly cerebral ATP) by $+ 14%$ ( $p = 0.025$ ), Phosphocreatine (PCr) by $+ 7%$ ( $p = 0.048$ ), and phosphomonoesters/phosphodiesters (glycerophosphocholine and glycerophosphoethanolamine membrane synthesis and turnover) by $+ 26.8%$ to $+ 32.1%$ ( $p < 0.02$ ).

Citation: McGlade, E., Locatelli, A., Hardy, J., Kamiya, T., Morita, M., Morishita, K., Sugimura, Y., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2012). Improved attentional performance following citicoline administration in healthy adult women. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 3(6), 769–773.
Identifiers: DOI: 10.4236/fns.2012.36103 (DOI · SciDB · Scholar) | Google Scholar ID: McGlade2012CiticolineAttention
Study Design & Sample Size: 28-day randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel trial in healthy adult women aged 40–60 years ( $N = 60$ ) comparing $250 mg/day$ vs. $500 mg/day$ Citicoline vs. placebo on the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test II (CPT-II).
Key Quantitative Outcomes: Both the $250 mg/day$ and $500 mg/day$ Citicoline cohorts produced statistically significant reductions in both omission errors (attentional lapses, $p = 0.03$ ) and commission errors (impulsivity/response inhibition failures, $p = 0.01$ ) compared to placebo.

Citation: Bellar, D., LeBlanc, N. R., & Campbell, B. (2015). The effect of 6 days of alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine on isometric strength. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12, 42.
Identifiers: PMID: 26582972 (PubMed · Europe PMC) | DOI: 10.1186/s12970-015-0103-x (DOI · SciDB · Scholar)
Study Design & Sample Size: 6-day randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial in resistance-trained men ( $N = 13$ ).
Key Quantitative Outcomes: Supplementation with $600 mg/day$ Alpha-GPC increased lower-body isometric mid-thigh pull peak force production by $+ 138.8 N$ compared to $- 33.3 N$ in placebo ( $p = 0.044$ ), demonstrating enhanced central motor unit recruitment and neuromuscular junction cholinergic transmission.