Magnesium Forms & Bioavailability — References

Mirrored Reference Dossier

Parent Topic: Magnesium Forms & Bioavailability | References Hub: 02 - Compounds & Molecules References MOC

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Landmark Peer-Reviewed Studies

1. Slutsky et al. (2010) — Neuron

• Citation: Slutsky, I., Abumaria, N., Wu, L. J., Huang, C., Zhang, L., Li, B., Zhao, X., Govindarajan, A., Zhao, M. G., Zhuo, M., Tonegawa, S., & Liu, G. (2010). Enhancement of learning and memory by elevating brain magnesium. Neuron, 65(2), 165–177.
• Identifiers: PMID: 20152124 (PubMed · Europe PMC) | DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.12.026 (DOI · SciDB · Scholar)
• Study Design & Sample Size: Preclinical controlled neurophysiological and behavioral study in Sprague-Dawley rats (young and aged cohorts, $n=12\text{–}18$ per group).
• Key Quantitative Outcomes: Oral administration of Magnesium L-Threonate (MgT, $50\text{ mg/kg/day}$ elemental) increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ${\text{Mg}}^{2+}$ concentration by $+15\%$ ($p<0.01$) whereas ${\text{MgCl}}_2$, $\text{Mg}$ citrate, and $\text{Mg}$ gluconate failed to significantly elevate CSF ${\text{Mg}}^{2+}$. MgT increased functional presynaptic release sites in the hippocampal CA1-DG region by $+38\%$, upregulated NR2B-containing NMDA receptors, enhanced long-term potentiation (LTP) by $+52\%$, and improved spatial working and long-term memory across T-maze and Morris water maze paradigms ($p<0.001$).

2. Liu et al. (2016) — Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease

• Citation: Liu, G., Weinger, J. G., Lu, Z. L., Xue, F., & Sadeghpour, S. (2016). Efficacy and safety of MMFS-01, a synapse density enhancer, for treating cognitive impairment in older adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 49(4), 971–990.
• Identifiers: PMID: 26519439 (PubMed · Europe PMC) | DOI: 10.3233/JAD-150538 (DOI · SciDB · Scholar)
• Study Design & Sample Size: 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-group clinical trial in older adults aged 50–70 years with subjective cognitive impairment ($N=44$).
• Key Quantitative Outcomes: Supplementation with MMFS-01 (Magnesium L-Threonate, $1.5\text{–}2.0\text{ g/day}$ based on body weight) significantly improved overall composite cognitive score compared to placebo ($p=0.003$, Cohen’s $d=0.91$). Trail Making Test-B (executive function) speed improved by $+19.9\%$ ($p=0.047$), reduced intra-individual cognitive fluctuation, and reversed calculated brain executive age by $9.4\text{ years}$ relative to baseline ($p<0.01$), correlating with increases in RBC ${\text{Mg}}^{2+}$ concentration.

3. Walker et al. (2003) — Magnesium Research

• Citation: Walker, A. F., Marakis, G., Christie, S., & Byng, M. (2003). Mg citrate found more bioavailable than other Mg preparations in a randomised, double-blind study. Magnesium Research, 16(3), 183–191.
• Identifiers: PMID: 14596323 (PubMed · Europe PMC) | Open-Access / Google Scholar ID: Walker2003MgCitrate
• Study Design & Sample Size: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel trial in healthy human volunteers ($N=46$) comparing acute ($24\text{-hour}$) and chronic ($60\text{-day}$) supplementation of $300\text{ mg/day}$ elemental $\text{Mg}$ as citrate, amino acid chelate, or oxide.
• Key Quantitative Outcomes: Chronic 60-day supplementation with $\text{Mg}$ citrate increased 24-hour urinary $\text{Mg}$ excretion ($p=0.006$) and salivary $\text{Mg}$ concentration ($+28\%$, $p=0.033$) significantly more than $\text{Mg}$ oxide, which showed no statistically significant difference from placebo in intracellular or urinary biomarkers.

4. Ates et al. (2019) — Biological Trace Element Research

• Citation: Ates, M., Kizildag, S., Yuksel, O., Hosgorler, F., Yuce, Z., Guvendi, G., Kandis, S., Karakilic, A., Koc, B., & Uysal, N. (2019). Dose-dependent absorption profile of different magnesium compounds. Biological Trace Element Research, 192(2), 244–251.
• Identifiers: PMID: 30761462 (PubMed · Europe PMC) | DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01663-0 (DOI · SciDB · Scholar)
• Study Design & Sample Size: Comparative pharmacokinetic and tissue-distribution study in Balb/c mice ($N=63$) evaluating magnesium citrate, malate, acetyl-taurate, glycinate, and sulfate across three dose tiers ($5,15,\text{and }45\text{ mg/kg}$ elemental $\text{Mg}$).
• Key Quantitative Outcomes: Magnesium acetyl-taurate and magnesium glycinate significantly increased brain tissue magnesium levels across all administered doses ($p<0.001$), whereas magnesium malate demonstrated the highest sustained plasma area-under-the-curve (${\text{AUC}}_{0-8\text{h}}$) and skeletal muscle uptake ($p<0.01$).