Sleep Architecture — References

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Parent Topic: Sleep Architecture | References Hub: 01 - Foundations References MOC

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Primary Literature & Landmark Studies

Xie et al. (2013)

• Citation: Xie, L., Kang, H., Xu, Q., Chen, M. J., Liao, Y., Thiyagarajan, M., O’Donnell, J., Christensen, D. J., Nicholson, C., Iliff, J. J., Takano, T., Deane, R., & Nedergaard, M. (2013). Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain. Science, 342(6156), 373–377.
• Identifiers: DOI: 10.1126/science.1241224 (DOI · SciDB · Scholar) | PMID: 24136970 (PubMed · Europe PMC)
• Study Design: Preclinical in vivo two-photon imaging and real-time iontophoresis in awake, asleep, and anesthetized murine cortex.
• Key Quantitative Outcomes:
  • Cortical interstitial space volume fraction increased by >60% (from ~14% in wakefulness to ~23% during slow-wave sleep/ketamine-xylazine slow-wave state).
  • Convective CSF-ISF exchange doubled the clearance rate of radiolabeled $\beta$-amyloid (${}^{125}\text{I-A}{\beta }_{1-40}$) during sleep compared to wakefulness ($p<0.05$), mediated by adrenergic tone suppression.

Ohayon et al. (2004)

• Citation: Ohayon, M. M., Carskadon, M. A., Guilleminault, C., & Vitiello, M. V. (2004). Meta-analysis of quantitative sleep parameters from childhood to old age in healthy individuals: developing normative sleep values across the human lifespan. Sleep, 27(7), 1255–1273.
• Identifiers: DOI: 10.1093/sleep/27.7.1255 (DOI · SciDB · Scholar) | PMID: 15586779 (PubMed · Europe PMC)
• Study Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis of 65 polysomnographic studies ($N=3,577$ healthy subjects aged 5–102 years).
• Key Quantitative Outcomes:
  • Total sleep time (TST), sleep efficiency, percentage of slow-wave sleep (%SWS), and %REM significantly decreased with age ($p<0.0001$), whereas Stage 1, Stage 2, and wake after sleep onset (WASO) increased.
  • SWS declined at a rate of approximately 2% per decade from young adulthood to age 60.

Ngo et al. (2013)

• Citation: Ngo, H. V., Martinetz, T., Born, J., & Mölle, M. (2013). Auditory closed-loop stimulation of the sleep slow oscillation enhances memory. Neuron, 78(3), 545–553.
• Identifiers: DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.03.006 (DOI · SciDB · Scholar) | PMID: 23583623 (PubMed · Europe PMC)
• Study Design: Randomized, within-subject crossover trial in healthy human adults ($N=11$).
• Key Quantitative Outcomes:
  • Phase-locked 50-ms pink noise bursts synchronized to the depolarizing up-state of endogenous slow oscillations ($<1\text{Hz}$) entrained slow oscillation trains and increased fast sleep spindle activity ($12–15\text{Hz}$).
  • Overnight word-pair declarative memory retention improved by ~35% compared to sham stimulation ($p<0.001$).

Yoo et al. (2007)

• Citation: Yoo, S. S., Gujar, N., Hu, P., Jolesz, F. A., & Walker, M. P. (2007). The human emotional brain without sleep — a prefrontal amygdala disconnect. Current Biology, 17(20), R877–R878.
• Identifiers: DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.08.007 (DOI · SciDB · Scholar) | PMID: 17956744 (PubMed · Europe PMC)
• Study Design: Controlled fMRI neuroimaging trial in healthy young adults ($N=26$, randomized to 35 hours total sleep deprivation vs. normal sleep control).
• Key Quantitative Outcomes:
  • Sleep-deprived subjects exhibited a >60% amplification in bilateral amygdala BOLD signal reactivity to increasingly aversive visual stimuli ($p<0.001$) alongside a significant loss of functional connectivity with the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and heightened connectivity with the autonomic locus coeruleus.